Densified wood, also known as Permali, is an engineered material created by impregnating wood with a thermosetting resin and subjecting it to high pressure and temperature. This process results in a dense, durable, and versatile material that surpasses the properties of natural wood.

Manufacturing Process

The manufacturing process of Permali involves the following steps:

1. Wood Selection: Hardwoods, such as beech, oak, or maple, are typically used due to their high density and strength.
2. Impregnation: The wood is submerged in a thermosetting resin, such as phenolic or epoxy, under vacuum conditions. This ensures deep penetration of the resin into the wood fibers.
3. Compression: The impregnated wood is subjected to high pressure, ranging from 2,000 to 8,000 pounds per square inch (psi). This compresses the wood fibers, removing excess resin and increasing density.
4. Curing: The compressed wood is heated to a temperature of 150-200 degrees Celsius (302-392 degrees Fahrenheit) for several hours. This cures the resin, creating a rigid and stable material.

Properties of Densified Wood

Permali exhibits a unique combination of properties that make it suitable for a wide range of applications:

• High Density: Densities can reach up to 1.5 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm³), which is higher than most metals.
• Exceptional Strength: Permali is extremely strong, with compressive and tensile strengths comparable to steel.
• Durability: It is resistant to rot, decay, and insects, making it ideal for outdoor or high-humidity environments.
• Dimensional Stability: Permali has minimal expansion or contraction with changes in temperature or humidity.
• Electrical Insulation: It is an excellent electrical insulator, making it suitable for electrical components.
• Machinability: While hard, Permali can be machined using conventional tools, allowing for precise fabrication.

Applications

Densified wood is widely used in various industries due to its unique properties:

• Aerospace: Structural components, bearings, and gears
• Marine: Marine decking, bulkheads, and propellers
• Automotive: Transmission components, brake pads, and electrical insulators
• Industrial: Machine bearings, gears, and tooling
• Electronics: Printed circuit boards and electrical enclosures

Advantages and Disadvantages

While Permali offers many advantages, there are also some disadvantages to consider:

Advantages:

• High density and strength
• Durability and resistance to environmental factors
• Dimensional stability
• Electrical insulation
• Machinability

Disadvantages:

• Can be expensive compared to natural wood
• Limited flexibility
• Can be brittle if subjected to excessive force

Conclusion

Densified wood (Permali) is an advanced material that offers an exceptional combination of properties. Its high density, strength, durability, dimensional stability, electrical insulation, and machinability make it ideal for a wide range of applications in demanding industries. As technology advances, Permali continues to evolve, offering new possibilities for innovative and high-performance products.